Computational and in vitro analyses on synergistic effects of paclitaxel and thymoquinone in suppressing invasive breast cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: In the present experiment, we evaluated the impact of thymoquinone (TQ) and paclitaxel (PTX) treatment on MDA-MB-231 cell line growth inhibition via controlling apoptosis/autophagy. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: MDA-MB-231cells were exposed to PTX (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 nM), TQ (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µM), and combinations for 48 h. After the MTT assessment, dose-response curves and IC50 values were calculated, and the combination synergism was evaluated using the Compusyn software. Following the treatment with PTX, TQ, and combinations at IC50 doses, the expression of apoptosis and autophagy genes was assessed in cells. The GraphPad Prism program was used to analyze the data, and Tukey's test at p < 0.05 was then run. PTX, TQ, and their combinations inhibited MDA-MB-231cell proliferation and viability dose-dependently. TQ reduced the effective concentration (IC50) of PTX in co-treatment groups. PTX and TQ showed antagonistic effects when cell proliferation declined above 70%. Antagonistic effects shifted into additive and synergistic effects upon increasing PTX concentration, indicated by diminished cell proliferation below 70%. PTX-TQ co-treatment significantly enhanced P53 and BAX expression while reducing Bcl-2 expression. Also, their combination increased Beclin-1, ATG-5, and ATG-7 expression in treated cells. CONCLUSION: Effective concentrations of TQ and PTX had synergic effects and inhibited breast cancer cells via prompting apoptosis and autophagy in vitro.

Resveratrol Nanoformulation Inhibits Invasive Breast Cancer Cell Growth through Autophagy Induction: An In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) for resveratrol (RSV) delivery and assess their effectiveness in inducing autophagy in MDA-MB 231 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, Pure and RSV-loaded Cs NPs (RSV. Cs NPs) were prepared via the ionic gelation method, and their physicochemical properties were characterized using standard techniques, and RSV release was measured in vitro. MDA-MB 231 cells were incubated with RSV, Cs NPs, and RSV. Cs NPs and Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated following the MTT test. Cell viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and autophagy was evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: NP formation was confirmed with the analysis of FTIR spectra. Pure and RSV. Cs NPs had 36.7 and 94.07 nm sizes with 18.3 and 27 mV zeta potentials, respectively. Above 60% of RSV entrapped within NPs was released in an initial burst manner followed by a gradual release till 72 hours. Cs and RSV. Cs NPs restrained cell proliferation at lower concentrations. RSV. Cs NPs showed the highest anticancer effect and stimulated autophagy, indicated by increased Beclin-1 ATG5, ATG7, LC3A, and P62 expression. CONCLUSION: RSV. Cs NPs show promising effects in inhibiting invasive breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro by inducing autophagy.

Bifunctional tissue-engineered composite construct for bone regeneration: The role of copper and fibrin.

Bifunctional tissue engineering constructs promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis are essential for bone regeneration. Metal ion-incorporated scaffolds and fibrin encapsulation attract much attention due to low cost, nontoxicity, and tunable control over ion and growth factor release. Herein, we investigated the effect of Cu.nHA/Cs/Gel scaffold and fibrin encapsulation on osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Cu-laden scaffolds were synthesized using salt leaching/freeze drying and were characterized using standard techniques. WJMSCs were isolated from the human umbilical cord and characterized. WJMSCs with or without encapsulating in fibrin were seeded onto scaffolds, followed by differentiating into the osteogenic lineage for 7 and 21 days. Osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and Alizarin red staining. Then, scaffolds were implanted into critical-sized calvarial bone defects in rats and histological assessments were performed using hematoxylin/eosin, Masson's trichrome, and CD31 immunohistochemical staining at 4 and 12 weeks. The scaffolds had good physicochemical and biological characteristics suitable for cell attachment and growth. Cu and fibrin increased the expression of ALP, RUNX2, OCN, COLI, VEGF, and HIF1α in differentiated WJMSCs. Implanted scaffolds were also biocompatible and were integrated well with the host tissue. Increased collagen condensation, mineralization, and blood vessel formation were observed in Cu-laden scaffolds. The fibrin-encapsulated groups showed the highest collagen and cell densities, immune cell infiltration, and bone trabeculae. CD31-positive cell population increased with fibrin encapsulation and seeding onto Cu-laden scaffolds. Adding Cu to scaffolds and encapsulating cells in fibrin are promising methods that guide osteogenesis and angiogenesis cellular signaling, leading to better bone regeneration.

The anti-cancer effect of chitosan/resveratrol polymeric nanocomplex against triple-negative breast cancer; an in vitro assessment.

Herein, the authors synthesised chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) as a resveratrol (RSV) carrier and evaluated their efficacy in stimulating apoptosis in MDA-MB 231 cells. Blank (Cs NPs) and RSV- Cs NPs (RSV-Cs NPs) were synthesised via ionic gelation and characterised by using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering/Zeta potential and RSV release. MDA-MB 231 cells were treated with RSV, Cs NPs and RSV-Cs NPs (24, 48, and 72 h), followed by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell toxicity was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to explore apoptosis induction. FTIR spectra confirmed the NPs via the formation of cross-linking bonds. Cs and RSV-Cs NPs sizes were about 75 and 198 nm with 14 and 24 mV zeta potentials. The RSV entrapment efficiency was 52.34 ± 0.16%, with an early rapid release followed by a sustained manner. Cs and RSV-Cs NPs inhibited cell proliferation at lower concentrations and IC50 values. RSV-Cs NPs had the most cytotoxic effect and stimulated intrinsic apoptotic pathway, indicated by increased Bcl-2-associated x (BAX), BAX/Bcl-2 ratio, P53 expressions, reduced Bcl-2 and upregulated caspases 3, 8 and 9. RSV-Cs NPs have a great potential to suppress invasive breast cancer cell proliferation by targeting mitochondrial metabolism and inducing the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

Immunotherapy and immunoengineering for breast cancer; a comprehensive insight into CAR-T cell therapy advancements, challenges and prospects.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent solid cancer with a high-rise infiltration of immune cells, turning it into a significant candidate for tumor-specific immunotherapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are emerging as immunotherapeutic tools with genetically engineered receptors to efficiently recognize and attack tumor cells that express specific target antigens. Technological advancements in CAR design have provided five generations of CAR-T cells applicable to a wide range of cancer patients while boosting CAR-T cell therapy safety. However, CAR-T cell therapy is ineffective against breast cancer because of the loss of specified antigens, the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor and CAR-T cell-induced toxicities. Next-generation CAR-T cells actively pass through the tumor vascular barriers, persist for extended periods and disrupt the tumor microenvironment (TME) to block immune escape. CONCLUSION: CAR-T cell therapy embodies advanced immunotherapy for BC, but further pre-clinical and clinical assessments are recommended to achieve maximized efficiency and safety.

The effects of melatonin administration on carotid intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity in diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that melatonin intake is inversely associated with reduced markers of atherosclerosis development such as carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the effects of melatonin administration on CIMT and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 32 DN patients. Subjects were assigned to receive melatonin or placebo (starch) for 24 weeks. Individuals in the melatonin group (n = 19) received 10 mg/day. CIMT and PWV levels were taken at the study baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: After 24 weeks of intervention, melatonin intake did not affect mean levels of left (P = 0.51) and right (P = 0.16) CIMT and maximum levels of left (P = 0.76) and right (P = 0.15) CIMT, and PWV (P = 0.55) compared with the placebo. In addition, within-group difference demonstrated a significant reduction in mean levels of right CIMT (P = 0.01) in the melatonin group. We did not observe any significant change in C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations after melatonin intake (P = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin intake did not affect mean levels of left and right CIMT and maximum levels of left and right CIMT, PWV, CRP levels compared with the placebo. In addition, within-group difference demonstrated a significant reduction in mean levels of right CIMT in the melatonin group. This trial was registered at www.irct.ir as http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20200527047584N2.